A porosity closure model considering stress triaxiality ratio and Lode stress parameter

The porosity closure model is urgently needed to design and optimize the metal forming process. A high and accurate mean filed model is developed by Representative Volume Element (RVE) simulations. It is referred to below as the stress triaxiality ratio and Lode stress parameter-based (STLB) model. The STLB model has an average error of 2.35 % and it is validated by comparison with explicit simulations and experiments. The STLB model is more accurate than the stress triaxiality-based (STB) model when the reduction ratio is from 25 % to 60 %. It is convenient to use STLB model for process design and optimization as the model can be easily applied to finite element analysis.