In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace element and oxygen isotope signatures of magnetite from the Yamansu deposit, NW China, and their significance

The Yamansu iron deposit is hosted in submarine volcanic rocks in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt of Eastern Tianshan, NW China. A geological cross-section for the Carboniferous strata in the ore district shows that ore bodies in the Yamansu deposit are hosted in andesitic crystal tuff of the third cycle of the Carboniferous Yamansu Formation. This indicates an association between mineralization and volcanism. The orebodies are strata bound and lensoid and generally share the occurrence state of the host rocks. Magnetite mineralization mainly occurs asbreccia ores, ores in the mineralized volcanic rocks, massive ores, and sulfide-rich ores according to their structures and sequences of formation. Trace element compositions of magnetite from various types of ores were determined by LA-ICP-MS. The dataset indicates thatdifferent types of magnetite havedistinct trace element contents correlated to their formation environments. Magnetite crystals from breccia ores have high Ti, Ni, V, Cr, and Co and low Si, Al, Ca, and Mg contents, indicating crystallization from a volcanic magmatic eruption, which is consistent with field evidence of coexisting altered volcanic breccia. Magnetite crystals from ores in the mineralized volcanic rocks have moderate Ti, Ni, V, Cr, and Co contents. In contrast, magnetite from massive ores and sulfide-rich ores have low concentrations of Ti, Cr, Ni, and V, high concentrations of Si, Al, Ca, and Mg, and evidence of hydrothermal magnetite. In-situ magnetite compositions imply a magmatic-hydrothermal process. Although δ 18 O values for magnetite grains fromYamansu vary (+ 1.3 to + 7.0‰), they all plot in the range field of volcanic iron deposits, and they also record a magmatic-hydrothermal process. The compositions of Yamansu magnetites are interpreted as controlled mainly by temperature, fluid, host rock buffering, oxygen fugacity, and sulfur fugacity. The metallogenic conditions of the Yamansu deposit changed from high temperature and low oxygen fugacity to low temperature and high oxygen fugacity. However, more fluid-rock reactions and higher sulfur fugacity were involved during the deposition of massive ores and sulfide-rich ores. Graphic abstract