High‐Efficiency Transmissive Programmable Metasurface for Multimode OAM Generation

Metasurfaces have been extensively studied for generating electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). In particular, programmable metasurfaces enable real‐time switching between multiple OAM modes in a digital manner. However, the current programmable metasurfaces are mostly based on reflective mode, which suffer from low efficiency as well as serious feed blockage. In this paper, a transmissive programmable metasurface is presented for the highly efficient generation of multimode convergent OAM beams. The proposed transmissive metasurface is composed of electronically reconfigurable units with 1‐bit phase resolution (0/π), which are obtained by integrating two PIN diodes in the radiating layer for current direction modulation. Through the antisymmetry configuration of the two PIN diodes, nearly uniform transmission magnitudes but inversed phase states in a wide band can be obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed reconfigurable unit can achieve good 1‐bit phase tuning, with minimum insertion loss of 0.2 dB and 2 dB transmission bandwidth of more than 10%. Through the dynamic modulation of the quantized code distributions on the metasurface, programmable multimode OAM beams can thus be constructed. Both simulated and measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design. To avoid the low efficiency and serious feed blockage in reflective metasurfaces, a highly efficient transmissive programmable metasurface is presented for generating dynamical multimode orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams. Each unit on the metasurface serves as a 1‐bit phase shifter for the incoming wave emitted by the horn feeder, which could be switched by biasing the PIN diodes via the steering‐logic board.