Kinetics and microwave-assisted extractive transesterification studies of high octane methyl esters (HOME) from karanja and chicken lard oil using protic deep eutectic solvent

The bio-conversion of fatty oils recovered from chicken waste and Karanja by both enzymatic and microwave-assisted transesterification (MATE) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were performed in the present investigation. Evaluation of physicochemical properties and yield of biodiesel produced reveals the production of esters from chicken waste oil to be effective than the counterparts obtained from karanja oil. Intensification of transesterification process with chicken waste oil was carried out by employing protic deep eutectic solvents (pDES) for production of high octane methyl esters (HOME). The thermophysical evaluation of synthesized pDES show low values of density, viscosity and refractive index which decrease with the further increase in temperature. The use pDES reduces the mass transfer limitation in formation of biodiesel formation at the lowest acyl acceptor ratio of 1:4. Response surface methodology based optimization for microwave-assisted biodiesel production indicate the usage of the lowest power of 1.4 kW with a minimum volume of pDES (8%) at the optimal time of 25 min yields 96.4% pure biodiesel. The composition of obtained biodiesel was evaluated with GC–MS. The resulting biodiesel obtained is suitable additive to mineral based fuels.