Shape optimization of running shoes with desired deformation properties

The present paper describes a shape optimization procedure for designing running shoes, focusing on two mechanical properties, namely, the shock absorption and the stability keeping the right posture. These properties are evaluated from two deformations of a sole at characteristic timings during running motion. We define approximate planes for the deformations of sole’s upper boundary by least squares method. Using the planes, we choose the tilt angle in the shoe width direction at the mid stance phase of running motion as an objective function representing the stability, and the sunk amount at the contact phase of running motion as a constraint function representing the shock absorption. We assume that the sole is a bonded structure of soft and hard hyper-elastic materials, and the bonding and side boundaries are variable. In this study, we apply the formulation of nonparametric shape optimization to the sole considering finite deformation and contact condition of the bottom of the sole with the ground. Shape derivatives of the cost (objective and constraint) functions are obtained using the adjoint method. The H 1 gradient method using these shape derivatives is applied as an iterative algorithm. To solve this optimization problem, we developed a computer program combined with some commercial softwares. The validity of the optimization method is confirmed by numerical examples.