Analysis magnetic susceptibility and chemical elements of bottom ash of bus in Malang

The study of pollution levels on vehicles is an important thing that needs to be studied more deeply by researchers to provide solutions to the pollution that occur due to pollution from vehicle emissions. Rock magnetization studies can be used to study various problems, such as pollution tests in the agricultural environment, rivers, and lakes. This research was conducted to develop new methods to determine the level of exhaust emissions of buses and others. Sampling was carried out by scrapping the exhaust tube of the bus on two different types of buses, i.e., 35 samples on public buses and 14 samples on tourism buses. Samples were tested to determine the elements with XRF and magnetic susceptibility tests using Bartington MS2B. The measurement results shows that the elemental content found in bottom ash samples, among others, Fe 18.6 - 72.01%, Mo 10-47%, S 7-24.5%, Ca 0.53-24.7%, P 0, 9-2.9%, Zn 0.38-2.99%, Ni 0.07-0.28%, Cu 0.17-0.4%, Mn 0.09-0.5%, Cr 0.1 -0.5%, Ti 0.16 -1,1%, Re 0.2-0.3%, 0.06-0.6%. The value of low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (χlf) the public bus samples have a range (4.00 - 343.77) × 10-8 m3/kg with an average of 46.31 × 10-8 m3/kg with an average of χfd of 3.45%. The tourism bus emission samples have a range between (5.19 - 146.37) × 10-8 m3/kg with an average of 51.880 × 10-8 m3/kg with an average χfd of 3.68%. The types of magnetic minerals found on public and tourism buses imply ferrimagnetic minerals with superparamagnetic (SP) and single stable domain (SSD).