Green fabrication of 3D hierarchical blossom-like hybrid of peeled montmorillonite-ZnO for in-vitro electrochemical sensing of diltiazem hydrochloride drug

Herein, a 3D hierarchical blossom-like of Montmorillonite-ZnO (MMt/ZnO) micro-hybrids modified sensors have been successfully fabricated as an extraordinarily electrochemical sensor for detecting of the Diltiazem hydrochloride (DZM.HCl). The 3D hierarchical blossom-like of ZnO and series of MMt/ZnO hybrids have been synthesized using different contents of MMt [FMZ1–5] via a hydrogel polymer template method using alginate ions. The effect of incorporation of different contents of MMt on the morphology, surface area of hybrids were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area method, and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The obtained hybrid [FMZ3] with 2.0% of MMt presented the most perfect blossom-like morphology and the highest surface area (190.06 m2/g) with the lowest resistivity. The hierarchical structure of [FMZ3] reveals nanospheres of ZnO with an average diameter of 5.49 nm, which are assembled into nanorods followed by assembling to form a blossom-like shape with the inclusion of MMt peeled layers inside the rod with d-spacing ranges from 1.1–7.4 nm. Meanwhile, the implemented modified sensor 1.0% [FMZ3] CPS retained excellent conductivity and electrocatalytic activity as appraised from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Consequently, the electrochemical behavior and the oxidation mechanism of DZM.HCl drug has been investigated at the surface of the constructed sensor. Under the optimum operational conditions, the proposed sensor was successfully achieved detection limits 0.177, and 0.21 nmol·L−1 of DZM.HCl in a commercial and human biological fluid (Serum samples), respectively. The constructed sensor accomplished an appropriate accuracy and free of obstruction from other ordinarily drug excipients. Schematic presentation of the sensor fabricated by blending carbon paste with 3D hierarchical blossom-like hybrid of Montmorillonite-ZnO. The proposed sensor exhibited good conductivity, electroactive surface area and successfully achieved low limit of detections in various fluids. [Display omitted] •The 3D hierarchical blossom-like of MMt/ZnO hybrids have been suceessfully synthesized via a hydrogel polymer template method.•The hybrid with 2.0% of MMt [FMZ3] presented the highest surface area with the lowest resistivity.•The 1.0 % [FMZ3] modified CP