Double Diffusion Encoding for Probing Radiation‐Induced Microstructural Changes in a Tumor Model: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study With Comparison to the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Histology

Background Microstructure analyses are gaining interest in cancer MRI as an alternative to the conventional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), of which the determinants remain unclear. Purpose To assess the sensitivity of parameters calculated from a double diffusion encoding (DDE) sequence to changes in a tumor's microstructure early after radiotherapy and to compare them with ADC and histology. Study Type Cohort study on experimental tumors. Animal Model Sixteen WAG/Rij rats grafted with one rhabdomyosarcoma fragment in each thigh. Thirty‐one were imaged at days 1 and 4, of which 17 tumors received a 20 Gy radiation dose after the first imagery. Field Strength/Sequence 3T. Diffusion‐weighted imaging, DDE with flow compensated, and noncompensated measurements. Assessments 1) To compare, after irradiation, DDE‐derived parameters (intracellular fraction, cell size, and cell density) to their histological counterparts (fraction of stained area, minimal Feret diameter, and nuclei count, respectively). 2) To compare percentage changes in DDE‐derived parameters and ADC. 3) To evaluate the evolution of DDE‐derived parameters describing perfusion. Statistical Tests Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results 1) Intracellular fraction, cell size, and cell density were respectively lower (−24%, P