Dillenia indica fruit prevents cisplatin-induced kidney injury in experimental rats through modulation of oxidative stress, marker enzyme, and biochemical changes

Background Dillenia indica fruit is known for its numerous health benefits in folk medicine including its use to cure kidney diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of D. indica fruit extracts on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods A nephrotoxic dose of cisplatin (3 mg/kg b.w./day, i.p) was administered every fifth day to the animals receiving vehicle or fruit extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) daily for 25 days. Rats were sacrificed on the 25th day, and the effect of extracts was assessed by determining the alterations in various serum and urine parameters, membrane-bound enzyme, and antioxidant defense system in kidney tissue. Results Increase in serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phospholipid, and cholesterol and a decrease in urine urea, uric acid, creatinine, and creatinine clearance rate were reported in the cisplatin control group. Cisplatin alters electrolyte balance, brush border membrane marker enzyme (i.e., alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, leucine aminopeptidase) activity, and redox balance significantly. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of D. indica fruit produced beneficial effect and ameliorated serum and urine parameter to normal. Extract administration increases Na + /K + -ATPase activity and different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants positively, whereas lipid peroxidation reduced significantly. Extracts exhibited a potent in vitro antioxidant activity. Conclusion Taking into account these results, it can be assumed that D. indica fruit could be the future key candidate which may maximize the clinical use of cisplatin in the treatment of different cancer without nephrotoxicity.