Cryptanalysis and Improvement of Multiparty Quantum Sealed-bid Auction

Liu et al. proposed a multiparty quantum sealed auction scheme (Liu et al. Quantum Inf. Process., 15 (2), 869–879 2016 ). Compared with other schemes using entangled states as information carriers, their schemes only use single photons, which effectively reduces the consumption of quantum resources. But we find that there are some security problems and resource waste in this scheme. In order to overcome these problems, this paper puts forward some ideas for improvement. An arbitrator is introduced to make the scheme more secure and efficient.