Nanoparticles induced embryo–fetal toxicity

Applications of nanomaterials cause a general concern on their toxicity when they intentionally (such as in medicine) or unintentionally (environment exposure) enter into the human body. As a special subpopulation, pregnant women are more susceptible to nanoparticle (NP)-induced toxicity. More importantly, prenatal exposures may affect the entire life of the fetus. Through blood circulation, NPs may cross placental barriers and enter into fetus. A cascade of events, such as damage in placental barriers, generation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered gene expression, may induce delayed or abnormal fetal development. The physicochemical properties of NPs, exposure time, and other factors directly affect nanotoxicity in pregnant populations. Even though results from animal studies cannot directly extrapolate to humans, compelling evidence has already shown that, for pregnant women, caution must be taken when dealing with nanomedicines or NP pollutants.