Z′ bosons at colliders: a Bayesian viewpoint

A bstract We revisit the CDF data on di-muon production to impose constraints on a large class of Z ′ bosons occurring in a variety of E 6 GUT based models. We analyze the dependence of these limits on various factors contributing to the production cross-section, showing that currently systematic and theoretical uncertainties play a relatively minor role. Driven by this observation, we emphasize the use of the Bayesian statistical method, which allows us to straightforwardly (i) vary the gauge coupling strength, g ′ , of the underlying U(1) ′ ; (ii) include interference effects with the Z ′ amplitude (which are especially important for large g ′ ); (iii) smoothly vary the U(1) ′ charges; (iv) combine these data with the electroweak precision constraints as well as with other observables obtained from colliders such as LEP 2 and the LHC; and (v) find preferred regions in parameter space once an excess is seen. We adopt this method as a complementary approach for a couple of sample models and find limits on the Z ′ mass, generally differing by only a few percent from the corresponding CDF ones when we follow their approach. Another general result is that the interference effects are quite relevant if one aims at discriminating between models. Finally, the Bayesian approach frees us of any ad hoc assumptions about the number of events needed to constitute a signal or exclusion limit for various actual and hypothetical reference energies and luminosities at the Tevatron and the LHC.