Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sharing among multiple 5G cellular operators

Reducing the energy consumption in cellular networks has recently earned tremendous attention from diverse stakeholders (i.e., vendors, mobile network operators (MNOs), and government) to decrease the CO2 emissions and thus introducing an environment-friendly wireless communication. [...]in this paper, joint energy-efficient user association (UA) mechanism and fully hybrid spectrum sharing (EE-FHSS) approach is proposed considering the quality of experience QoE (i.e., data rate) as the main constraint. [...]an approach allows multiple users (UEs) to share the same resources in the power domain [9] which in turn supports massive connectivity using the same time-frequency resource with an acceptable mBSs density. [...]it is imperative to assess the system performance considering SSA from the energy consumption perspective as it considered as a fundamental design objective for the next generation cellular networks [10]. [...]many scholars are shifted from assessing the energy efficiency (EE) of the cellular systems that support S-RATs to those with multi-RATs capabilities, especially with the presence of resource sharing approach. There are limited works on energy-efficient UA that support spectrum sharing among multiple cellular operators, which is more complicated owing to the multi-carrier and multi-independent-RAT nature. [...]in this paper, energy efficient UA mechanism enabling FHSS approach underlying multi-independent 5G mmWave cellular operators is proposed while satisfying the QoE (i.e., rate provisioning) constraints to the UEs to gain more insights about the possibility of jointly maximising energy efficiency for all the participating operators taking into account maintaining an acceptable level of 5G constraints. 2.Research Method In this section, we first elaborate on the network model, followed by a set of mathematical models related to the transmission model.