Speaking Science to Law

We consult scientific expert witnesses in almost every field of law. Yet even in cases involving a strong scientific consensus, the powerful qualities of scientific knowledge are easily lost in translation. Moreover, even prominent scientists who are committed to providing accurate information to legal fact-finders may suffer reputational harm simply for participating in an adversarial process. This article analyzes the connection between law and science through the expert witness from the perspectives of epistemology and cross-cultural communication, focusing on the distinct ways in which scientists and lawyers know, value, and express their knowledge. When a lawyer meets with a scientific expert witness, more confusion attends their interaction than either likely realizes. Linguistic translation is necessary-but not only translation of the substance of science into terms accessible to the legal fact-finder. An additional form of translation is essential, though the need for it may go unnoticed: that of homonyms-terms that are superficially identical in law and science (such as "fact," "uncertainty," and "proof) but which have deeply different meanings in their respective disciplines. Lawyers and scientists may be using the same words without realizing that they are talking past each other. Cultural translation is also required: while their professional norms concerning fact-finding have some overlap, in other respects they contrast so sharply that professional behavior for the lawyer would constitute malpractice for the scientist. In their cultures of knowledge-production, the scientist is most closely analogous to the judge in that the professional identities of both are founded in their neutrality. However, when the scientific fact-finder's report is presented to the legal fact-finder through the work of the lawyer, the scientist can appear partisan-and even risks becoming partisan. For a scientist, the appearance of partisanship is an appearance of impropriety that can cause her debilitating professional harm, threatening her professional identity. The purpose of this article is to better eqi interdisciplinary translations in the process lip lawyers and judges to make proper of speaking science to law.