On the Contribution of EMIC Waves to the Reconfiguration of the Relativistic Electron Butterfly Pitch Angle Distribution Shape on 2014 September 12—A Case Study

Following the arrival of two interplanetary coronal mass ejections on 2014 September 12, the Relativistic Electron–Proton Telescope instrument on board the twin Van Allen Probes observed a long-term dropout in the outer belt electron fluxes. The interplanetary shocks compressed the magnetopause, thereby enabling the loss of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt to the magnetosheath region via the magnetopause shadowing. Previous studies have invoked enhanced radial transport associated with ultra-low-frequency waves activity and/or scattering into the atmosphere by whistler mode chorus waves to explain electron losses deep within the magnetosphere ( L