Molecular mechanisms and regulation of plant ion channels

Plant ion channel activities are rapidly modulated in response to several environmental and endogenous stimuli. Electrophysiological as well as pharmacological studies provide strong evidence that ion channels are essential for the induction of specific cellular responses and that they are themselves subject to regulation by a variety of cellular factors. Genes and cDNAs of several plant ion channels have been identified in recent years giving access to molecular mechanisms of such regulatory processes. Cloned inwardly rectifying potassium channels have been investigated in various heterologous expression systems. Two other ion channel classes, namely members of the 'two-pore' K(+) channel family as well as of the anion-conducting chloride channel (ClC) family, have been cloned, but a direct link to corresponding plasma membrane or endomembrane ion channel conductances has not been demonstrated yet. Analysis of cellular expression patterns of plant ion channel genes in combination with transgenic approaches now gives access to a detailed ex planta/in planta correlation of channel function, as has recently been demonstrated for proteins of the K(in)(+) channel family. This review summarizes current knowledge on molecular structures and some features of structure-function relationships of plant ion channels.