A Review of the History and Development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

According to a study by the National Academy of Sciences, 15 crops of vegetables, fruit, meat, and grain, which are eaten daily, were contaminated by 28 pesticides sprayed in the fields, and this caused about 20, 000 cancers each year738. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, from 1954 to 1985, the number of resistant pests had soared from 10 species to 432 species, and more than 60 pesticides had been forced to suspend production due to the lack of effective antibiotic resistance748. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the world's food crops suffer from about one-third of annual pest losses, and at least half of them are due to insect pests to gradually reduce self-regulation within the farmland ecosystem7128, especially the ecological control of the replacement of harmful organisms (diseases, insects, and weeds) by chemical pesticides. [...]insect pests produce resistance, secondary insect pests regeneration, pesticide residues and other serious problems affecting human and animal health, food safety and environmental quality.