Pre-Arrest/Booking Drug Control Strategies: Diversion to Treatment, Harm Reduction and Police Involvement

Elements of a "pluralized" drug policy have been emerging in the United States that attempt to augment punishment with an emphasis on enhanced public health and therapeutic measures. While much of this reform involves compulsory treatment diversion, a "middle ground" to reform has involved the use of pre-arrest/booking strategies in support of harm reduction policies and noncompulsory treatment diversion. In this examination of the cities of Baltimore and San Francisco, we argue that such strategies have proven problematic because of the contradictions inherent in pluralized drug control models that attempt to reconcile abstinence and prohibitions against drug use with tolerance and outreach. We identify two primary factors contributing to these contradictions. The first is an emphasis on compulsory treatment diversion mechanisms in the United States, and in the obverse, disagreements over the wisdom of harm reduction in drug policy reform. The second are limitations on the policing role in social outreach, or what we call here "reintegrative" community policing, involving both organizational factors on the part of law enforcement and resistance from community activists and public health agencies.