Three‐Dimensional Mapping of Lightning‐Produced Ionospheric Reflections

The powerful high‐frequency/very high frequency radio emissions that occur during lightning flashes can be used as a signal of opportunity to study the bottom side ionosphere. The lightning emission is bright, broad spectrum, and short in duration, providing an ideal signal of opportunity for making ionograms. This study continues previous work in Obenberger et al. (2018), where the direct line of sight signal from lightning can be cross correlated with megahertz frequency radio telescope observations to reveal ionogram traces created from the reflected lightning signals. This process was further developed to automate production of ionograms made from individual lightning flashes over the course of several hours, as well as create new techniques to detect the lightning signal using the all‐sky‐imaging mode. By using the Long Wavelength Array Sevilleta radio telescope as an interferometer, the point of reflection of the lightning signal for each frequency of the ionogram can be located in the ionosphere, instantaneously revealing density gradients within the ionosphere on minute time scales. We also explore the minimum size stations required for the application of this technique, which we found to be at least 32 antennas. Key Points The Long Wavelength Array can localize lightning reflections in the ionosphere Lightning can be used to produce hundreds of ionograms an hour with the LWA as a receiver Approximately 32 LWA Dipoles are necessary to reliably produce ionograms on the scale presented here