miR‐140‐5p is negatively correlated with proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in malignant melanoma by targeting SOX4 via the Wnt/β‐catenin and NF‐κB cascades

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been validated as critical regulators in the development of melanoma. miR‐140 was abnormally downregulated in uveal melanoma samples. However, the expression level and roles of miR‐140‐5p remain unclear in melanoma for now. We speculate that miR‐140‐5p is abnormally expressed and may play an important role in melanoma. The expressions of miR‐140‐5p and SOX4 messenger RNA were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays. Western blot assays were employed to detect the expression levels of SOX4, Ki67, MMP‐2, MMP‐7, p‐β‐catenin, c‐Myc, cyclin D1, p65, and IκBα. Luciferase reporter assays were employed to elucidate the interaction between SOX4 and miR‐140‐5p. MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) and transwell invasion assays were applied to evaluate capabilities of cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. Xenograft models of melanoma were established to verify the role and molecular basis of miR‐140‐5p. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were employed to measure the Ki67 and SOX4 at the protein level in xenografted melanoma tissues. Herein, these observations showed that, miR‐140‐5p was abnormally downregulated in melanoma tissues and cells, while SOX4 was upregulated. miR‐140‐5p directly targeted SOX4 and inhibited its expression in melanoma cells. miR‐140‐5p overexpression repressed melanoma cell proliferation and invasion and its effects were partially restored SOX4 overexpression. Moreover, miR‐140‐5p hindered melanoma growth in vivo by downregulating SOX4. Mechanistically, miR‐140‐5p suppressed activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin and NF‐κB pathways by targeting SOX4. Our study concluded that miR‐140‐5p hindered cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis by targeting SOX4 via inactivation of the Wnt/β‐catenin and NF‐κB signaling pathways in malignant melanoma, which provides an underlying molecular mechanism for the treatment for melanoma with miRNAs. MicroRNA (miR)‐140 was abnormally downregulated in uveal melanoma samples. However, the expression level and roles of miR‐140‐5p remain unclear in melanoma. Our study concluded that miR‐140‐5p hindered proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis by targeting SOX4 via inactivation of the Wnt/β‐catenin and NF‐κB signaling pathways in malignant melanoma, which provides an underlying molecular mechanism for the treatment for melanoma with miRNAs.