Quality as a hidden dimension of energy poverty in middle-development countries. Literature review and case study from Chile

•Energy poverty (EP) is usually seen as a phenomenon shaped by access or equity.•However, both groups of indicators lack an explicit reflection on energy quality.•This results in the lack of a proper toolbox to tackle middle development countries.•Chile is a middle-development country where EP cannot be properly tackled by traditional indicators.•A context-sensitive, three-dimensional framework (access, equity and quality) is proposed to address these limitations. The paper proposes a literature review and meta-analysis on different dimensions and approaches with respect to energy poverty and examines Chile as a case study for its manifestations in middle development countries. This phenomenon has acquired greater relevance, with a variety of definitions, indicators and methodologies being used to measure it. However, most of them are focused on either quantifying the lack of access to modern energy services in poor countries or assessing the inequality produced by the costs of accessing such services in developed countries. This results in the lack of a proper toolbox to tackle middle development countries, such as Chile: where access-based measures assign thresholds that are too low, so that almost nobody is energy poor; conversely, equality-based measures deploy excessively high ones, so that a very large proportion of the population is energy poor. The paper argues that this deficit is caused by the understanding of quality in terms of “standards” in access- and equality-based measures, which restricts its potential in economically, culturally, and geographically diverse territories. A context-sensitive three-dimensional framework to assess energy poverty is then proposed, and its policy implications are briefly discussed. [Display omitted]