Two-stage multi-modal system for low frequency and wide bandwidth vibration energy harvesting

•Wind power has gained interest of research over past decades as renewable energy.•Higher power generation increases flexibility of wind turbine, causing higher vibration.•Structural vibration is harvested as regenerative energy source using VEH.•Two-stage low operational frequency wide bandwidth multi-modal PVEH is designed.•The design showed high tunability and voltage generation. Wind power has gained interest of research over past decades as renewable energy solution. Vibration controller is usually installed to mitigate vibration while part of structural vibration is potential to be harvested as regenerative energy source using vibration energy harvester and supplied to vibration controller to create a self-powered system. This study aims to develop a novel two-stage multimodal piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester system design to harness vibration of low-frequency range (