Boundary Representations of λ-Harmonic and Polyharmonic Functions on Trees

On a countable tree T , allowing vertices with infinite degree, we consider an arbitrary stochastic irreducible nearest neighbour transition operator P . We provide a boundary integral representation for general eigenfunctions of P with eigenvalue λ ∈ C . This is possible whenever λ is in the resolvent set of P as a self-adjoint operator on a suitable ℓ 2 -space and the diagonal elements of the resolvent (“Green function”) do not vanish at λ . We show that when P is invariant under a transitive (not necessarily fixed-point-free) group action, the latter condition holds for all λ ≠ 0 in the resolvent set. These results extend and complete previous results by Cartier, by Figà-Talamanca and Steger, and by Woess. For those eigenvalues, we also provide an integral representation of λ -polyharmonic functions of any order n , that is, functions f : T → ℂ for which ( λ ⋅ I − P ) n f = 0. This is a far-reaching extension of work of Cohen et al., who provided such a representation for the simple random walk on a homogeneous tree and eigenvalue λ = 1. Finally, we explain the (much simpler) analogous results for “forward only” transition operators, sometimes also called martingales on trees.