Generation, characterization, perniciousness, removal and reutilization of solids in aquaculture water: a review from the whole process perspective

The generation of solids by aquaculture activities has led to many problems in animal welfare, environmental quality, water treatment effects and public health, such as gill and intestinal damage, water eutrophication, system components blockages and antibiotics transfers through the food chain to human; thus, effective solid wastes management is very important. The purpose of this review is to summarize the sources, characterization methods, harmfulness, removal technologies and reutilization of solids in aquaculture water, including (i) different sources of solids, such as uneaten feed, feces and debris; (ii) solids characterization based on the general parameters, particle size distribution and chemical composition; (iii) the toxicity and detriment of solids to cultured species, the environment, aquaculture system components and human health; (iv) Solids removal, effluents solids thickening and source control techniques for better solids management; and (v) various methods for the reutilization of aquacultural solid wastes for resource value‐adding. In addition to these five specific objectives, the merits and drawbacks of each method or technology and future research priorities are discussed. The present review provides an understanding of the role played by solids in aquaculture water and provides guidance for aquacultural solid wastes precision management, aquaculture practices and technological developments. Thus, solids management can be carried out based on this guidance to improve animal welfare and the stability of water treatment systems, reduce harm to the environment and public health, and enable the development of aquaculture in a sustainable way.