The Significant Roles of Mg/Ca Ratio, Cl− and SO42− in Carbonate Mineral Precipitation by the Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2
Carbonate precipitation induced by microorganisms has become a hot topic in the field of carbonate sedimentology, although the effects of magnesium on biomineral formation have rarely been studied. In experiments described here, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride were used to investigate the s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Minerals (Basel) 2018-12, Vol.8 (12), p.594 |
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| creator | Han, Zuozhen Yu, Wenwen Zhao, Hui Zhao, Yanhong Tucker, Maurice E. Yan, Huaxiao |
| description | Carbonate precipitation induced by microorganisms has become a hot topic in the field of carbonate sedimentology, although the effects of magnesium on biomineral formation have rarely been studied. In experiments described here, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride were used to investigate the significant role played by Mg2+ on carbonate precipitation. In this study, Staphylococcus epidermidis Y2 was isolated and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) homology comparison and ammonia, pH, carbonic anhydrase, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions were monitored during laboratory experiments. The mineral phase, morphology, and elemental composition of precipitates were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS. Ultrathin slices of bacteria were analyzed by HRTEM-SAED and STEM. The results show that this bacterium releases ammonia and carbonic anhydrase to increase pH, and raise supersaturation via the large number of carbonate and bicarbonate ions that are released through carbon dioxide hydration catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The crystal cell density of monohydrocalcite is lower in a magnesium chloride medium, compared to one of magnesium sulfate. Crystals grow in the mode of a spiral staircase in a magnesium sulfate medium, but in a concentric circular pattern in a magnesium chloride medium. There was no obvious intracellular biomineralization taking place. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of biomineralization, and to the role of Mg2+ in crystal form. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/min8120594 |
| format | Article |
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In experiments described here, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride were used to investigate the significant role played by Mg2+ on carbonate precipitation. In this study, Staphylococcus epidermidis Y2 was isolated and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) homology comparison and ammonia, pH, carbonic anhydrase, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions were monitored during laboratory experiments. The mineral phase, morphology, and elemental composition of precipitates were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS. Ultrathin slices of bacteria were analyzed by HRTEM-SAED and STEM. The results show that this bacterium releases ammonia and carbonic anhydrase to increase pH, and raise supersaturation via the large number of carbonate and bicarbonate ions that are released through carbon dioxide hydration catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The crystal cell density of monohydrocalcite is lower in a magnesium chloride medium, compared to one of magnesium sulfate. Crystals grow in the mode of a spiral staircase in a magnesium sulfate medium, but in a concentric circular pattern in a magnesium chloride medium. There was no obvious intracellular biomineralization taking place. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of biomineralization, and to the role of Mg2+ in crystal form.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2075-163X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/min8120594</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Ammonia ; Anions ; Bacteria ; Bicarbonates ; Calcium ; Calcium ions ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbonate minerals ; Carbonates ; Cell culture ; Cell density ; Crystal structure ; Crystallinity ; Culture media ; Cyanobacteria ; Cytology ; Density ; Electron density ; Epidermis ; Experiments ; Hydration ; Ion pairs ; Ions ; Laboratories ; Liquid culture ; Magnesium ; Magnesium chloride ; Magnesium sulfate ; Microorganisms ; Mineralogy ; Minerals ; Morphology ; Precipitation ; Researchers ; Ribosomal DNA ; Salts ; Science ; Sediments ; Skin ; Transmission electron microscopy</subject><ispartof>Minerals (Basel), 2018-12, Vol.8 (12), p.594</ispartof><rights>2018. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c225t-9f24f8b5e6f1251386b4a3239de82689316b0ebd32dbbd284b78c7e3b2bae0953</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c225t-9f24f8b5e6f1251386b4a3239de82689316b0ebd32dbbd284b78c7e3b2bae0953</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7193-1086</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Han, Zuozhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Wenwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yanhong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tucker, Maurice E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yan, Huaxiao</creatorcontrib><title>The Significant Roles of Mg/Ca Ratio, Cl− and SO42− in Carbonate Mineral Precipitation by the Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2</title><title>Minerals (Basel)</title><description>Carbonate precipitation induced by microorganisms has become a hot topic in the field of carbonate sedimentology, although the effects of magnesium on biomineral formation have rarely been studied. In experiments described here, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride were used to investigate the significant role played by Mg2+ on carbonate precipitation. In this study, Staphylococcus epidermidis Y2 was isolated and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) homology comparison and ammonia, pH, carbonic anhydrase, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions were monitored during laboratory experiments. The mineral phase, morphology, and elemental composition of precipitates were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS. Ultrathin slices of bacteria were analyzed by HRTEM-SAED and STEM. The results show that this bacterium releases ammonia and carbonic anhydrase to increase pH, and raise supersaturation via the large number of carbonate and bicarbonate ions that are released through carbon dioxide hydration catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The crystal cell density of monohydrocalcite is lower in a magnesium chloride medium, compared to one of magnesium sulfate. Crystals grow in the mode of a spiral staircase in a magnesium sulfate medium, but in a concentric circular pattern in a magnesium chloride medium. There was no obvious intracellular biomineralization taking place. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of biomineralization, and to the role of Mg2+ in crystal form.</description><subject>Ammonia</subject><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bicarbonates</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium ions</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbonate minerals</subject><subject>Carbonates</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell density</subject><subject>Crystal structure</subject><subject>Crystallinity</subject><subject>Culture media</subject><subject>Cyanobacteria</subject><subject>Cytology</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Electron density</subject><subject>Epidermis</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Hydration</subject><subject>Ion pairs</subject><subject>Ions</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Liquid culture</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Magnesium chloride</subject><subject>Magnesium sulfate</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Mineralogy</subject><subject>Minerals</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Ribosomal DNA</subject><subject>Salts</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Transmission electron 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Significant Roles of Mg/Ca Ratio, Cl− and SO42− in Carbonate Mineral Precipitation by the Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2</title><author>Han, Zuozhen ; Yu, Wenwen ; Zhao, Hui ; Zhao, Yanhong ; Tucker, Maurice E. ; Yan, Huaxiao</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c225t-9f24f8b5e6f1251386b4a3239de82689316b0ebd32dbbd284b78c7e3b2bae0953</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Ammonia</topic><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bicarbonates</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium ions</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbonate minerals</topic><topic>Carbonates</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Cell density</topic><topic>Crystal structure</topic><topic>Crystallinity</topic><topic>Culture media</topic><topic>Cyanobacteria</topic><topic>Cytology</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Electron 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Wenwen</au><au>Zhao, Hui</au><au>Zhao, Yanhong</au><au>Tucker, Maurice E.</au><au>Yan, Huaxiao</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Significant Roles of Mg/Ca Ratio, Cl− and SO42− in Carbonate Mineral Precipitation by the Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2</atitle><jtitle>Minerals (Basel)</jtitle><date>2018-12-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>594</spage><pages>594-</pages><issn>2075-163X</issn><eissn>2075-163X</eissn><abstract>Carbonate precipitation induced by microorganisms has become a hot topic in the field of carbonate sedimentology, although the effects of magnesium on biomineral formation have rarely been studied. In experiments described here, magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride were used to investigate the significant role played by Mg2+ on carbonate precipitation. In this study, Staphylococcus epidermidis Y2 was isolated and identified by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) homology comparison and ammonia, pH, carbonic anhydrase, carbonate, and bicarbonate ions were monitored during laboratory experiments. The mineral phase, morphology, and elemental composition of precipitates were analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS. Ultrathin slices of bacteria were analyzed by HRTEM-SAED and STEM. The results show that this bacterium releases ammonia and carbonic anhydrase to increase pH, and raise supersaturation via the large number of carbonate and bicarbonate ions that are released through carbon dioxide hydration catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The crystal cell density of monohydrocalcite is lower in a magnesium chloride medium, compared to one of magnesium sulfate. Crystals grow in the mode of a spiral staircase in a magnesium sulfate medium, but in a concentric circular pattern in a magnesium chloride medium. There was no obvious intracellular biomineralization taking place. The results presented here contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of biomineralization, and to the role of Mg2+ in crystal form.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/min8120594</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-1086</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Ammonia Anions Bacteria Bicarbonates Calcium Calcium ions Carbon dioxide Carbonate minerals Carbonates Cell culture Cell density Crystal structure Crystallinity Culture media Cyanobacteria Cytology Density Electron density Epidermis Experiments Hydration Ion pairs Ions Laboratories Liquid culture Magnesium Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Microorganisms Mineralogy Minerals Morphology Precipitation Researchers Ribosomal DNA Salts Science Sediments Skin Transmission electron microscopy |
| title | The Significant Roles of Mg/Ca Ratio, Cl− and SO42− in Carbonate Mineral Precipitation by the Halophile Staphylococcus epidermis Y2 |
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