Benefits and Pitfalls of Long-Term Research: A Case Study of Black Bears in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Although the value of long-term studies generally is recognized, we found no extensive assessment of the benefits and pitfalls associated with such studies. We used our 28-year study of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) to identify the elements of long-term research that have advanced our knowledge of black bear ecology and the factors that compromised our efforts. We used a consistent, annual trapping period combined with an intensive and continuous effort to monitor reproduction and mortality. Our long-term population estimates indicated that our interpretations of population dynamics would have been different had the studies ended after 5 or 10 years, an illustration of how short-term views can be misleading. Other benefits of the long-term study related to hypothesis testing, research techniques, long-term observations, use of stored samples and data, technology transfer, and practical applications. The main problems we encountered in sustaining this research were interpreting results, maintaining research funding, finding appropriate study areas, maintaining communication with cooperators, dealing with large datasets, and maintaining consistency, continuity, and creativity. We recommend that The Wildlife Society prepare a position statement on the value of long-term studies.