CHANGING TOWARD PARTICIPATIVE-MANAGEMENT APPROACHES - A MODEL AND METHODS

FOUR PARTICIPATIVE APPROACHES ARE DISCUSSED - 1. PARTICIPATION IN CHANGE, 2. PARTICIPATION IN PROBLEM-SOLVING, 3. PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING, AND 4. PARTICIPATION IN GOAL SETTING. ALSO, THE THREE POSSIBLE METHODS OF OPERATION OF EACH APPROACH ARE LISTED AND DISCUSSED - 1. INDIVIDUAL, 2. DYADIC, AND 3. GROUP. BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF POSSIBLE CONGRUENT CHANGE PROCESSES ARE INCLUDED FOR EACH COMBINATION OF PARTICIPATIVE APPROACHES AND METHODS OF OPERATION. FOR EXAMPLE, CHANGE TOWARD DYADIC PARTICIPATION IN GOAL SETTING 'OFTEN REFERRED TO AS MANAGEMENT-BY-OBJECTIVES' IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED PARTICIPATIVE APPROACHES IN BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT. THE FIRST STEP IN THE MBO CHANGE PROCESS IS TO CAREFULLY TRAIN SUPERIORS, PARTICULARLY IN DEVELOPING AND USING EVALUATION CRITERIA WHICH ARE CLEAR, RELATIVELY EASY TO MEASURE OR OBTAIN MEASURES OF, AND HIGHLY RELEVANT IN THE WORK ITSELF. CHARTS.