Alternative Perspectives in the Organizational Sciences: "Inquiry from the inside" and "Inquiry from the outside"

Two approaches dominate organizational inquiry: Inquiry from within is characterized by involvement of the researcher, absence of a priori assumptions, and intent to understand a given situation. Inquiry from without is characterized by detachment of the researcher, use of a priori categories for material analysis, and a quest for information from which generalities can be drawn. The methods are explored and contrasted. Inquiry from within is a mode used by organizational consultants, anthropologists, and case writers. Findings often lack credibility and do not stand up well to statistical analysis. Inquiry from without is the basis for most of the published literature on organizational sciences. The philosophical bases for both approaches are examined. Using and understanding the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches gives balance to research.