Sodium status of soil, forages, and small ruminants of Punjab, Pakistan

The present investigation was aimed to search out the sodium level in soil, forages and blood samples of the small ruminants (goat and sheep) of three districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Most forage and soil samples were found deficient in sodium contents. The lower level of Na was found in soil as well as in forages of three districts (Sargodha, Mianwali, Bhakkar). Most of the forage samples are so deficient in Na contents that they fall much below the critical levels known to be adequate for normal ruminant requirements. Significantly decreased (p