Discrete inclusion models for reinforced composites: Comparative performance analysis and modeling challenges

We report the results of a comparative analysis of mesh independent discrete inclusion models and point out some shortcomings of classical approaches in the approximation of the strain field across an inclusion (artificial continuity) and the slip profile along an inclusion (oscillatory behavior). We also present novel embedded reinforcement models based on partition of unity enrichment strategies, adaptive h-refinement, and order/regularity extensions. These novel models are assessed by means of mesh convergence studies and it is shown that they improve the quality of the solution by significantly decreasing local spurious oscillations in the slip profile along an inclusion. •Embedded reinforcement models are reviewed.•Classical embedded reinforcement models show spurious oscillations in slip profiles.•Improved versions of classical models are proposed.•Weak discontinuity and order/regularity extension effectively reduce oscillations.