Electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions of B-site-doped bismuth titanate perovskite thin film

The perovskite thin film was fabricated using cobalt (Co)-doped B-site on bismuth titanate (Bi 4 Ti 3− x Co x O 12 ) on FTO substrate by spin coating technique. The fabricated substrate was annealed at 700 °C and employed as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions. The obtained device was investigated for their structural, optical and morphological features using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–V is spectroscopy (UV), photoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns reveal that the grains were orientated along c axis with (117) plane providing decreased crystallite size upon increasing dopant concentrations in BTO. UV–Vis diffusion reflectance spectrum showed that bismuth titanate thin films exhibited good optical transmittance in the visible region. BTO thin films displayed particles are in spherical in shape which was confirmed using SEM. The acquired thin film was employed as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of lead ions. The detection technique was carried out using cyclic voltammetry which delivered high sensitivity. On examining the physical and chemical properties of the obtained product, it can also be further employed as real-time applications.