Research on potential induced degradation (PID) of polymeric backsheet in PV modules after salt-mist exposure
•Degree of PID of PV backsheet after salt mist exposure can be evaluated by DSC.•Degree of crystallinity increased under PD with the increasing salt-mist exposure.•Erosion rate of PV backsheets is influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity.•Electron avalanche releases kinetic energy and damage...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Solar Energy 2019-08, Vol.188, p.475-482 |
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creator | Zhang, Jia-wei Cao, De-kun Diaham, Sombel Zhang, Xin Yin, Xun-qian Wang, Qian |
description | •Degree of PID of PV backsheet after salt mist exposure can be evaluated by DSC.•Degree of crystallinity increased under PD with the increasing salt-mist exposure.•Erosion rate of PV backsheets is influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity.•Electron avalanche releases kinetic energy and damages the lattice of backsheet.•Molecules dissociated by low-energy electrons form anions, radicals and excitons.
Recently, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been helping to relieve the global energy crisis. However, the service lifetime of PV systems may be shorter than the designed time. The backsheet, which is usually made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), influences the long-term reliability of PV systems. When a PV system is located in a coastal area, the backsheet usually suffers from various problems such as partial discharge (PD) activity induced by the leakage current caused by potential-induced degradation (PID) because of exposure to salt-mist. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) to explore the PD activity of PET backsheets caused by PID after salt-mist exposure. The analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the PET backsheet increased with the salt-mist duration. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some chemical groups changed after PD activity and salt-mist exposure. The degree of crystallinity increased under the condition of PD activity with increasing salt-mist exposure time. The result of PRPD indicated that PD activity depended salt-mist exposure conditions. From these results, we found that the erosion rate of PET backsheets was influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity induced by the leakage current caused by PID. These findings provide guidance to improve the durability of insulating backsheets of PV systems. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.019 |
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Recently, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been helping to relieve the global energy crisis. However, the service lifetime of PV systems may be shorter than the designed time. The backsheet, which is usually made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), influences the long-term reliability of PV systems. When a PV system is located in a coastal area, the backsheet usually suffers from various problems such as partial discharge (PD) activity induced by the leakage current caused by potential-induced degradation (PID) because of exposure to salt-mist. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) to explore the PD activity of PET backsheets caused by PID after salt-mist exposure. The analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the PET backsheet increased with the salt-mist duration. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some chemical groups changed after PD activity and salt-mist exposure. The degree of crystallinity increased under the condition of PD activity with increasing salt-mist exposure time. The result of PRPD indicated that PD activity depended salt-mist exposure conditions. From these results, we found that the erosion rate of PET backsheets was influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity induced by the leakage current caused by PID. These findings provide guidance to improve the durability of insulating backsheets of PV systems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0038-092X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-1257</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.019</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Atomic force microscopy ; Backsheet ; Calorimetry ; Coastal zone ; Crystallinity ; Degradation ; Degree of crystallinity ; Differential scanning calorimetry ; Discharge ; Engineering Sciences ; Erosion mechanisms ; Erosion rates ; Exposure ; Leakage ; Leakage current ; Microscopy ; Mist ; Organic chemistry ; Photovoltaic cells ; Photovoltaics ; Polyethylene ; Polyethylene terephthalate ; Potential-induced degradation ; Raman spectroscopy ; Reliability ; Salts ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Service life ; Solar cells ; Solar energy ; Spectroscopy ; Spectrum analysis ; Surface roughness</subject><ispartof>Solar Energy, 2019-08, Vol.188, p.475-482</ispartof><rights>2019 International Solar Energy Society</rights><rights>Copyright Pergamon Press Inc. Aug 2019</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-7518cdc1c3430860bd6e4fe5d0ed6e8cc01f8110409be17e594797d5077bdbce3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-7518cdc1c3430860bd6e4fe5d0ed6e8cc01f8110409be17e594797d5077bdbce3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3688-0607</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.019$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03823230$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jia-wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, De-kun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diaham, Sombel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Xun-qian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qian</creatorcontrib><title>Research on potential induced degradation (PID) of polymeric backsheet in PV modules after salt-mist exposure</title><title>Solar Energy</title><description>•Degree of PID of PV backsheet after salt mist exposure can be evaluated by DSC.•Degree of crystallinity increased under PD with the increasing salt-mist exposure.•Erosion rate of PV backsheets is influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity.•Electron avalanche releases kinetic energy and damages the lattice of backsheet.•Molecules dissociated by low-energy electrons form anions, radicals and excitons.
Recently, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been helping to relieve the global energy crisis. However, the service lifetime of PV systems may be shorter than the designed time. The backsheet, which is usually made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), influences the long-term reliability of PV systems. When a PV system is located in a coastal area, the backsheet usually suffers from various problems such as partial discharge (PD) activity induced by the leakage current caused by potential-induced degradation (PID) because of exposure to salt-mist. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) to explore the PD activity of PET backsheets caused by PID after salt-mist exposure. The analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the PET backsheet increased with the salt-mist duration. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some chemical groups changed after PD activity and salt-mist exposure. The degree of crystallinity increased under the condition of PD activity with increasing salt-mist exposure time. The result of PRPD indicated that PD activity depended salt-mist exposure conditions. From these results, we found that the erosion rate of PET backsheets was influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity induced by the leakage current caused by PID. These findings provide guidance to improve the durability of insulating backsheets of PV systems.</description><subject>Atomic force microscopy</subject><subject>Backsheet</subject><subject>Calorimetry</subject><subject>Coastal zone</subject><subject>Crystallinity</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>Degree of crystallinity</subject><subject>Differential scanning calorimetry</subject><subject>Discharge</subject><subject>Engineering Sciences</subject><subject>Erosion mechanisms</subject><subject>Erosion rates</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Leakage</subject><subject>Leakage current</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Mist</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Photovoltaic cells</subject><subject>Photovoltaics</subject><subject>Polyethylene</subject><subject>Polyethylene terephthalate</subject><subject>Potential-induced degradation</subject><subject>Raman spectroscopy</subject><subject>Reliability</subject><subject>Salts</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Service life</subject><subject>Solar cells</subject><subject>Solar energy</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Surface roughness</subject><issn>0038-092X</issn><issn>1471-1257</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkU9r3DAQxUVJoZu0H6Eg6KU52JnxP9mnEpK2CSx0KW3pTcjSuKutbW0keWm-fbVsyDWnJzS_95DmMfYeIUfA5mqXBzfSTD4vALscmjzJK7bCSmCGRS3O2AqgbDPoit9v2HkIOwAU2IoVm75TIOX1lruZ712kOVo1cjubRZPhhv54ZVS0afpxc397yd2QsPFxIm8175X-G7ZEMRn45hefnFlGClwNkTwPaozZZEPk9G_vwuLpLXs9qDHQuye9YD-_fP5xc5etv329v7leZ7pCiJmosdVGoy6rEtoGetNQNVBtgNKp1RpwaBGhgq4nFFR3leiEqUGI3vSaygt2ecrdqlHuvZ2Uf5ROWXl3vZbHu7SNoixKOGBiP5zYvXcPC4Uod27xc3qeLIq2BNGWTZGo-kRp70LwNDzHIshjC3Inn1qQxxYkNDJJ8n06-Sh992DTNGhLc9qt9aSjNM6-kPAfI12TQw</recordid><startdate>20190801</startdate><enddate>20190801</enddate><creator>Zhang, Jia-wei</creator><creator>Cao, De-kun</creator><creator>Diaham, Sombel</creator><creator>Zhang, Xin</creator><creator>Yin, Xun-qian</creator><creator>Wang, Qian</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Pergamon Press Inc</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3688-0607</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190801</creationdate><title>Research on potential induced degradation (PID) of polymeric backsheet in PV modules after salt-mist exposure</title><author>Zhang, Jia-wei ; Cao, De-kun ; Diaham, Sombel ; Zhang, Xin ; Yin, Xun-qian ; Wang, Qian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c410t-7518cdc1c3430860bd6e4fe5d0ed6e8cc01f8110409be17e594797d5077bdbce3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Atomic force microscopy</topic><topic>Backsheet</topic><topic>Calorimetry</topic><topic>Coastal zone</topic><topic>Crystallinity</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>Degree of crystallinity</topic><topic>Differential scanning calorimetry</topic><topic>Discharge</topic><topic>Engineering Sciences</topic><topic>Erosion mechanisms</topic><topic>Erosion rates</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Leakage</topic><topic>Leakage current</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Mist</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Photovoltaic cells</topic><topic>Photovoltaics</topic><topic>Polyethylene</topic><topic>Polyethylene terephthalate</topic><topic>Potential-induced degradation</topic><topic>Raman spectroscopy</topic><topic>Reliability</topic><topic>Salts</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Service life</topic><topic>Solar cells</topic><topic>Solar energy</topic><topic>Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Surface roughness</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Jia-wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, De-kun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Diaham, Sombel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Xun-qian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Qian</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Solar Energy</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Jia-wei</au><au>Cao, De-kun</au><au>Diaham, Sombel</au><au>Zhang, Xin</au><au>Yin, Xun-qian</au><au>Wang, Qian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Research on potential induced degradation (PID) of polymeric backsheet in PV modules after salt-mist exposure</atitle><jtitle>Solar Energy</jtitle><date>2019-08-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>188</volume><spage>475</spage><epage>482</epage><pages>475-482</pages><issn>0038-092X</issn><eissn>1471-1257</eissn><abstract>•Degree of PID of PV backsheet after salt mist exposure can be evaluated by DSC.•Degree of crystallinity increased under PD with the increasing salt-mist exposure.•Erosion rate of PV backsheets is influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity.•Electron avalanche releases kinetic energy and damages the lattice of backsheet.•Molecules dissociated by low-energy electrons form anions, radicals and excitons.
Recently, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have been helping to relieve the global energy crisis. However, the service lifetime of PV systems may be shorter than the designed time. The backsheet, which is usually made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), influences the long-term reliability of PV systems. When a PV system is located in a coastal area, the backsheet usually suffers from various problems such as partial discharge (PD) activity induced by the leakage current caused by potential-induced degradation (PID) because of exposure to salt-mist. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) to explore the PD activity of PET backsheets caused by PID after salt-mist exposure. The analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the PET backsheet increased with the salt-mist duration. Raman spectroscopy indicated that some chemical groups changed after PD activity and salt-mist exposure. The degree of crystallinity increased under the condition of PD activity with increasing salt-mist exposure time. The result of PRPD indicated that PD activity depended salt-mist exposure conditions. From these results, we found that the erosion rate of PET backsheets was influenced by salt-mist exposure and PD activity induced by the leakage current caused by PID. These findings provide guidance to improve the durability of insulating backsheets of PV systems.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.solener.2019.06.019</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3688-0607</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Atomic force microscopy Backsheet Calorimetry Coastal zone Crystallinity Degradation Degree of crystallinity Differential scanning calorimetry Discharge Engineering Sciences Erosion mechanisms Erosion rates Exposure Leakage Leakage current Microscopy Mist Organic chemistry Photovoltaic cells Photovoltaics Polyethylene Polyethylene terephthalate Potential-induced degradation Raman spectroscopy Reliability Salts Scanning electron microscopy Service life Solar cells Solar energy Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Surface roughness |
title | Research on potential induced degradation (PID) of polymeric backsheet in PV modules after salt-mist exposure |
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