Study of the Interaction of ZDDP and Dispersants Using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy—Part 2: Tribochemical Reactions

The antiwear properties of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), dispersants, and mixtures of ZDDP and different dispersants have been evaluated using a pin-on-flat Plint wear machine. Tribochemical interactions between ZDDP and dispersants have been investigated under boundary lubrication conditions by means of X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, probing the phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen absorption edges. The results show that the dispersants do not give any wear protection by themselves in the base oil. The dispersants also do not affect the antiwear property of ZDDP under the given testing conditions. The N K-edge XANES analysis indicates that dispersants contribute to the chemical composition of the tribofilms and form mixed ammonium/zinc polyphosphates. Phosphorus in the tribofilms is present mainly in the form of medium-chain polyphosphate on the surface and short-chain polyphosphate in the bulk. Sulfur appears in the tribofilms mainly as sulfide S-II, possibly zinc sulfide. The presence of dispersants in oil blends does not disturb the polyphosphate (and sulfide) formation, but it does decrease the chain length of the polyphosphate in the tribofilms.