Objective Detection of Eloquent Axonal Pathways to Minimize Postoperative Deficits in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Using Diffusion Tractography and Convolutional Neural Networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently been used in biomedical imaging applications with great success. In this paper, we investigated the classification performance of CNN models on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) streamlines defined by functional MRI (fMRI) and electrical stimulation mapping (ESM). To learn a set of discriminative and interpretable features from the extremely unbalanced dataset, we evaluated different CNN architectures with multiple loss functions (e.g., focal loss and center loss) and a soft attention mechanism and compared our models with current state-of-the-art methods. Through extensive experiments on streamlines collected from 70 healthy children and 70 children with focal epilepsy, we demonstrated that our deep CNN model with focal and central losses and soft attention outperforms all existing models in the literature and provides clinically acceptable accuracy (73%-100%) for the objective detection of functionally important white matter pathways, including ESM determined eloquent areas such as primary motors, aphasia, speech arrest, auditory, and visual functions. The findings of this paper encourage further investigations to determine if DWI-CNN analysis can serve as a noninvasive diagnostic tool during pediatric presurgical planning by estimating not only the location of essential cortices at the gyral level but also the underlying fibers connecting these cortical areas to minimize or predict postsurgical functional deficits. This paper translates an advanced CNN model to clinical practice in the pediatric population where currently available approaches (e.g., ESM and fMRI) are suboptimal. The implementation will be released at https://github.com/HaotianMXu/Brain-fiber-classification-using-CNNs .