d-Glucosamine contributes to cell membrane stability and regenerative medicine

d -glucosamine contributes to cell membrane stability. d -Glucosamine controls biological responses and protect both cells and tissues. This review focuses the mechanisms of stability in biomedical situations. Positively charged amino groups of d -glucosamine can bind the cell membrane electrically to protect against tissue damage. Wound healing can be accelerated by the application of a d -glucosamine dressing, which promotes cell proliferation and differentiation. d -Glucosamine has superoxide/hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, a strong chelating effect on ferrous ions, and enhances the reduced glutathione level to promote activity against intracellular oxidative stress. The prompt repair of microleakage through electropores on the cell membrane occurs after electroporation using d -glucosamine. The effects of this stability can also explain the pain relief as d -glucosamine binds to sodium channel to result in a longer open time. Furthermore, specific applications of d -glucosamine are proposed for the regenerative medicine.