Which Deepness Class Is Suited for Modeling Power Electronics?: A Guide for Choosing the Right Model for Grid-Integration Studies

The high implementation of renewable energy systems (RESs) and the need to increase transmission capacity across Europe (e.g., north -south Germany) have resulted in integrated power electronics (PE)-based solutions in electrical grids. PE allows more flexibility and control over power grids. Solutions such as high -voltage (HV) dc systems and flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) increase energy transfer capabilities while preserving the system's safety (e.g., providing reactive power). Additionally, PE-based solutions, which are characterized by fast dynamic control actions, can support the grid during disturbances [e.g., a low-voltage ride through (LVRT) during faults]. This article provides an overview of the current modeling techniques that involve problems from ac harmonic stability (high frequency) to load flow (dc), passing through ac and dc transient stability, SSR studies, and frequency control.