Futures schools of thought within the integral futures framework

Purpose - This paper aims to expand on the findings of the SOPIFF project by identifying eight futures schools of thought, and then analyze and critique these through the integral futures (IF) framework. This paper, Part I, also aims to focus on the upper quadrants of the IF framework.Design methodology approach - The paper adapts Wilber's integral theory to clarify various philosophical orientations towards the future. It also adapts Polak's approach to futures as a matter of "social critique and reconstruction"; however, here the approach is global, civilizational, and integral, so it proposes civilizational critique and integral reconstruction as a method for evaluating futures schools of thought.Findings - The IF framework has proved to be a valuable theoretical and analytical tool since it clarifies not only orientations to the future but also demonstrates the dynamic lines of development and interactions throughout all four quadrants, illustrating how the four-quadrant approach is an effective framework for understanding the crisis of civilization and the response needed at this time in history to bring about a preferred future.Research implications limitations - The paper draws and expands upon the findings of the SOPIFF project as a way to better understand the "global problematique." Thus, this paper suggests some implications of that research and proposes the integral futures framework as a way to interpret research findings. Future research should attempt to develop and apply the IF framework similarly in order to realize a sustainable, integrally-informed image of the future of human civilization.Practical implications - An integrally-informed approach to futures and foresight studies should help develop and improve futures methodology practices in general. The IF framework helps to understand philosophical orientations underlying practices and applications.Originality value - This application of the IF framework to various mainstream futures schools of thought is original. It should help futurists to see and interpret the bigger picture regarding images of the future in a civilizational context by revealing the "crack" in the modern image of the future, how it relates to the current world crisis, and what is needed to heal the crack so that a new, more integrally-informed, sustainable image of the future can emerge.