Zonal diatom scale of the continental neogene in Primorye (most southern territory of the Russian Far East)

There is a significant stratigraphic and micropaleontological problem in the development of high-resolution biostratigraphic scales necessary when collecting basic data to construct a modern theory of Biospheric Stratigraphy and in determining the chronozone as a main operation unit. The chronozone should reflect general geobiological events which led to various conditions using the Paleobiosphere, which is a unique instrument used to mimic conditions of the ancient earth. The development and substantiation of zonal continental scales, which also include information on geobiological events, fall behind modern stratigraphy requirements The revealed materials on the Far East Neogene diatom stratigraphic distribution allow to solve this problem. The early Miocene is characterized by the intensive development of the Aulacoseira, Alveolophora, Ellerbeckia, Pseudoaulacosira, and Melosira genera. The global climate optimum appeared between the early and middle Miocene. Many taxa of diatoms as well as high species diversity of centric diatoms appeared and developed during the Middle–Late Miocene stage of diatom evolution. The Pliocene stage was marked by the appearance of the genera Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella, and Pliocaenicus. The greatest extinction of moderately warm-water species of centric genera at the level of 3.6 million years corresponds to the growth and expansion of ice caps at both poles of the planet.