A Conceptual Framework for Developing Recommendations for No-Harvest Buffers around In-Field Feces

Results of previous studies revealed that (i) splash can transfer microbes from in-field feces to preharvest produce and (ii) wildlife can be vectors for the introduction of foodborne pathogens into produce fields. However, few peer-reviewed studies have been conducted to examine pathogen transfer from wildlife feces to in-field produce via splash during irrigation. Although two previous studies found a significant relationship between distance and Escherichia coli transfer via splash, the studies sampled produce < 1 m from the feces. The present study was conducted to refine our understanding of the impact of distance on E. coli splash. Two trials were conducted 1 month apart. For each trial, fecal pellets inoculated with a three-strain E. coli cocktail were placed in a lettuce field 2.5 h before irrigation. After irrigation, E. coli levels on lettuce heads 0 to 6 m from the pellets were determined. Although E. coli was not detected in any of the heads ≥2 m from the fecal pellets (n = 39), 39% of heads (13 of 33)