Phosgene-free carbamoylation of aniline via dimethyl carbonate

The synthesis of -phenylcarbamate from aniline and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in the presence of homogeneous, supported heterogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysts was investigated in batch conditions. First, a selection of homogeneous catalysts was studied and their reactivity in the same reaction conditions was compared to zinc acetate, a catalyst extensively used for this reaction. Then the best homogeneous catalysts were supported on silica or alumina, and the resulting heterogeneous supported catalysts were tested for the carbamoylation of aniline. Finally, several heterogeneous catalysts were investigated. Zinc carbonate basic was shown to be the best catalyst, giving quantitative conversion and selectivity for the -phenylcarbamate. Its catalytic activity was fully investigated taking into account substrate concentration, amount of catalysts, and temperature influence. Zinc carbonate was also shown to be recyclable, once it was recovered from the reaction mixture and calcinated.