Per os efficacy of Ajuga extracts against sucking insects

We studied the efficacy of water-soluble extracts from four Ajuga spp on the post-embryonic development of two exopterygota (sucking insect) species. To allow comparison between different Ajuga species, results are expressed in terms of quantity of plant extracted per litre of test solution. Crude methanolic extracts of all Ajuga plants tested, with the exception of A genevensis, showed considerable per os efficacy against larvae of both Dysdercus cingulatus F and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) even at 1 g litre-1. In the aphid tests the order of efficacy was A bracteosa Wallich ex Benth > A chamaepitys Schreber > A reptans L > A genevensis L. On D cingulatus the order of efficacy was: A reptans > A bracteosa > A chamaepitys > A genevensis. Extracts were fractionated on SepPak using a range of methanol/water mixtures. Results are expressed in terms of the initial weight of plant extracted. The 100% methanolic fraction of A chamaepitys was highly effective on A pisum (100% mortality at 1 g litre-1) and less effective on D cingulatus (about 60% mortality at 5 g litre-1). The entire 60 methanol + 40 water fraction was effective against test insects but showed different efficacies according to test species and concentration applied. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E), cyasterone (Cy) and ajugalactone (Ajl) were identified in the fractions from all Ajuga species, but the remaining phytoecdysteroid profile was quite different between Ajuga species. Capitasterone (Cap) and 28-epi-sengosterone (5Cy28') were found only in A reptans, makisterone A (MaA) and 29-norcyasterone (29NCy) were only in A chamaepitys, while 22-acetylcyasterone (Cy22A), 3-epi-cyasterone (Cy') and 3-epi-22-acetylcyasterone (Cy'22A) were only in A bracteosa. The total amount of phytoecdysteroids was 2053 mg kg-1 for A bracteosa, 1892 mg kg-1 for A reptans and 95 mg kg-1 for A chamaepitys.