Setting Standards and Detecting Intrajudge Inconsistency Using Interdependent Evaluation of Response Alternatives

This article introduces a new test-centered standard-setting method as well as a procedure to detect intrajudge inconsistency of the method. The standard-setting method that is based on interdependent evaluations of alternative responses has judges closely evaluate the process that examinees use to solve multiple-choice items. The new method is analyzed against existing methods, particularly the Nedelsky and Angoff methods. Empirical results from three different experiments confirm the hypothesis that standards set by the new method are higher than those of the Nedelsky but lower than those of the Angoff method. The procedure for detecting intrajudge inconsistency is based on residual diagnosis of the judgments, which makes it possible to identify the sources of inconsistencies in the items, response alternatives, and/or judges. An empirical application of the procedure in an experiment with the new standard-setting method suggests that the method is internally consistent and has also revealed an interesting difference between residuals for the correct and incorrect alternatives.