Effect of Fertilization and Backfill Amendments on Soil Characteristics, Growth, and Leaf Gas Exchange of English Oak (Quercus Robur L.)

The influence of fertilization and soil amendments on plant growth and leaf gas exchange was monitored on English oak trees (Quercus robur L.) over a 3-year period after planting. The results indicate that shoot growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and leaf gas exchange were higher in fertilized plants, especially during the second and third years after planting. However, compost and leonardite were rarely better than the control. Soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by soil amendments, which promoted a better structure and lowered penetration resistance compared to control and fertilization.