Biodiversity patterns and ecological processes in Neotropical dry forest: the need to connect research and management for long-term conservation

Neotropical dry forests are among the most diverse and threatened ecosystems worldwide. The extent and knowledge of Neotropical dry forests are quite heterogeneous with forests located in the Ecuadorian province especially diverse, threatened and poorly studied. In this work, we review patterns and conservation status of biodiversity, ecosystem processes and human perception of tropical dry forest of the Ecuadorian province. We found that patterns of biodiversity, endemism and conservation status are generally poorly studied. Overall, these forests provide habitat for at least 900 species including trees, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. On average 18% of these species (range 6-25%) are endemic to the region and 25% (3-50%) are recognized as threatened. Little is known about groups such as invertebrates, fish, fungi, or herbaceous plants, and as well as about processes generating and maintaining critical ecosystem functions. Available literature points out the importance of positive ecological interactions such us plant-frugivore and plant-plant facilitation interactions in maintaining the regeneration dynamics of these forests. Faced by the formative state of knowledge about basic biodiversity patterns and ecological functions, the implementation of ecosystem risk assessment under the IUCN criteria for the Red List of Ecosystems may offer constructive means to organize, integrate and advance existing knowledge and conservation priorities for dry forests of the Ecuadorian province. With examples of existing conflicts between people and protected areas, we emphasize the importance of consultation and involvement of local communities in the development of conservation measures including new protected areas. Lastly, we reflect on some encouraging examples where ecosystem goods and services provided by these forests may be used in a sustainable manner, contributing to local communities' income and preserving biodiversity. In this regard, we highlight how the interaction between research and innovation together with local management may lead to sustainable development and, thus, encourage these sectors to work together for the conservation of dry forests of the Ecuadorian province.