Magnaporthe grisea Pth 11p is a novel plasma membrane protein that mediates appressorium differentiation in response to inductive substrate cues

Mutagenesis of Magnaporthe grisea strain 4091-5-8 led to the identification of PTH11, a pathogenicity gene predicted to encode a novel transmembrane protein. We localized a Pth11-green fluorescent protein fusion to the cell membrane and vacuoles. pth11 mutants of strain 4091-5-8 are nonpathogenic due to a defect in appressorium differentiation. This defect is reminiscent of wild-type strains on poorly inductive surfaces; conidia germinate and undergo early differentiation events, but appressorium maturation is impaired. Functional appressoria are formed by pth11 mutants at 10 to 15% of wild-type frequencies, suggesting that the protein encoded by PTH11 (Pth11p) is not required for appressorium morphogenesis but is involved in host surface recognition. We assayed Pth11p function in multiple M. grisea strains. These experiments indicated that Pth11p can activate appressorium differentiation in response to inductive surface cues and repress differentiation on poorly inductive surfaces and that multiple signaling pathways mediate differentiation. PTH11 genes from diverged M. grisea strains complemented the 4091-5-8 pth11 mutant, indicating functional conservation. Exogenous activation of cellular signaling suppressed pth11 defects. These findings suggest that Pth11p functions at the cell cortex as an upstream effector of appressorium differentiation in response to surface cues.