Numerical simulation of vertical flow wetlands with special emphasis on treatment performance during winter

In Austria, single-stage vertical flow (VF) wetlands with intermittent loading are a state-of-the-art technology for treating domestic wastewater. They are designed according to the Austrian design standard with a specific surface area of 4 m per person (i.e. 20 g COD/(m ·d)) and thus demand a bigge...

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