Collective Efficacy Beliefs: Theoretical Developments, Empirical Evidence, and Future Directions

This analysis synthesizes existing research to discuss how teachers' practice and student learning are affected by perceptions of collective efficacy. Social cognitive theory is employed to explain that the choices teachers make-the ways in which they exercise personal agency-are strongly influenced by collective efficacy beliefs. Although empirically related, teacher and collective efficacy perceptions are theoretically distinct constructs, each having unique effects on educational decisions and student achievement. Our purpose is to advance awareness about perceived collective efficacy and develop a conceptual model to explain the formation and influence of perceived collective efficacy in schools. We also examine the relevance of efficacy beliefs to teachers' professional work and outline future research possibilities.