A rolling resistance estimate using nonlinear finite element numerical analysis of a full three-dimensional tyre model

In accordance with the worldwide trend for developing energy-efficient vehicles and meeting environmental regulations, there exists a large potential for decreasing energy losses due to tyre rolling resistance and significantly reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and also improve tyre tread durability. To achieve a quantitative estimate of tyre rolling resistance force, in the present paper, we carry out rolling resistance modelling in order to introduce a comprehensive relation for predicting rolling resistance force variations with speed taking into account the most influential parameters. To accomplish this goal, full three-dimensional finite element modelling of a visco-hyperelastic inflated rubber tyre under the deformation of vertical loading is performed and validated by making use of available test data. Free rolling simulations are performed and rolling resistance diagrams at various vehicle speeds and inflation pressures are extracted by analysing the results. According to the simulation results, a general formula is suggested to predict the tyre rolling resistance force in terms of the influential factors such as velocity, inflation pressure and tyre load. Results obtained using the proposed equation compared with recorded coast down test data clearly indicate excellent agreement between the results, confirming the validity of the relation. The presented solution can be built into models for comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of vehicle performance and fuel economy where changes in velocity, load and inflation pressure can be considered.