Eustress, distress and their interpretation in primary and secondary occupational stress management interventions: which way first?

Purpose - To develop an argument for the retention of secondary approaches to stress management (those that focus on the individual within the organization) as first interventions, prior to the employment of primary approaches (those that focus on the organization's processes and structures). This is based on a reconsideration of eustress versus distress and a review of current empirical evidence on the effectiveness of stress management interventions.Design methodology approach - Major empirical studies and reviews are critically reviewed and placed within a theoretical framework derived from both early and more recent work in the field.Findings - There is little empirical evidence on which to base recommendations for organization-based stress management interventions as first or sole approaches and therefore the value of these as first or sole approaches is questioned. Instead secondary, individual-focused, approaches are recommended as first-line interventions prior to the adoption of organization-based interventions.Practical implications - In practice secondary stress management approaches are currently most common. Broader primary approaches appear to have excellent theoretical support and a growing body of supportive literature and accompanying recommendations for employment. We suggest, however, that secondary approaches be employed prior to the introduction of primary methodologies within a client organization.Originality value - This paper provides a review and framework for interpreting understanding the research on the effectiveness of stress management interventions and makes recommendations relevant to practitioners in the field.