DNA Surface Technology: From Gene Sensors to Integrated Systems for Life and Materials Sciences

The evolution of DNA microarray technology has led to sophisticated DNA chips that are being used as routine tools for fundamental and applied genome research such as genotyping and expression profiling. Owing to their capability for highly parallel, site‐directed immobilization of complementary nucleic acids through canonical Watson–Crick base‐pairing, however, DNA‐modified surfaces can also be used for the assembly of complex surface architectures comprised of non‐nucleic acid compounds, such as proteins or colloidal materials. Furthermore, implementation of functional DNA devices and structural DNA nanotechnology can unlock the full potential of DNA surfaces. Based on case studies from diagnostics, sensing, proteome research, cell adhesion, and cell signaling, we show how classical gene sensors have developed into modern integrated systems and platforms for various applications in life sciences and materials research. Microarrays come of age: As indicated by case studies from clinical diagnostics, proteome research, fundamental cell biology, and materials science, DNA‐modified surfaces have evolved from nucleic acid sensors into a versatile platform for life sciences and materials research.